Industries and projects that may cause air or water pollution need consent from the State Pollution Control Board under the Water Act, 1974 and Air Act, 1981. Consent to Establish (CTE) is taken before setting up the unit and Consent to Operate (CTO) before starting production. Requirements depend on whether the industry is Red, Orange, Green or White category.
Industry categorisation
| Category | Pollution potential | Consent |
|---|---|---|
| Red | High | CTE and CTO, stricter conditions |
| Orange | Medium | CTE and CTO |
| Green | Low | Simplified consent |
| White | Negligible | Generally exempt, intimation only |
Process
- Identify your category from the CPCB classification.
- Apply for CTE on the state online consent portal with project details, site plan and pollution control measures.
- Site inspection by SPCB officials.
- Build the unit and pollution control systems as per CTE conditions.
- Apply for CTO before starting production.
Documents
- Site plan, layout and process flow
- Raw materials, products and capacity
- Water consumption and effluent details
- Air pollution control and waste management plans
- Land and building documents, and other approvals
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Get expert help →Validity and renewal
CTO validity varies by category and state. Renew before expiry and file required returns such as environmental statements. Operating without consent can lead to closure orders and prosecution.
Frequently asked questions
Do White category industries need pollution consent?
White category industries are generally exempt from consent and only need to file an intimation with the State Pollution Control Board, subject to state rules.
Is CTE required for existing buildings?
Yes, if a new industrial activity requiring consent is being set up, even in an existing building. The consent is linked to the activity, not only to construction.
How long does CTO take?
Timelines vary by state and category. Many states have prescribed time limits for decisions under ease of doing business reforms, but Red category units usually take longer.
What fees apply for consent?
Consent fees are set by each state board and usually depend on the category and capital investment of the unit.
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