Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) means an industrial unit treats and recycles all its wastewater with no liquid effluent discharged outside. Pollution control boards impose ZLD as a consent condition for certain water-intensive or polluting industries such as textiles, tanneries, distilleries and pharmaceuticals, especially in sensitive areas. Compliance requires treatment, membrane and evaporation systems and online monitoring.
ZLD system
- Primary and secondary treatment
- Reverse osmosis
- Multiple effect evaporator
- Crystalliser and sludge handling
Regulatory compliance
- Consent conditions and monitoring
- Flow meters and online monitoring
- Records of recycled water
Costs
High capital and energy costs; shared common ETPs can help clusters.
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Water savings and reduced regulatory risk.
Frequently asked questions
Is ZLD mandatory for all industries?
No, only where imposed by regulators for specific sectors or locations.
Is there a ZLD certificate?
Compliance is demonstrated through consents and inspections rather than a separate certificate.
What about salt disposal?
Recovered salts need proper disposal or reuse.
Can CETPs achieve ZLD?
Some common ETPs are designed for ZLD.
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