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Trademark Assignment in India: Deed, TM-P and Stamp Duty

by Gaurav Kumar

A trademark can be assigned, with or without the goodwill of the business, by a written assignment deed signed by the parties and stamped as per state law. The assignee then files Form TM-P with the Trade Marks Registry to record the change of ownership. Recording is essential for the new owner to enforce the mark.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Trademark, Copyright & Patent

How to Reply to a Trademark Objection in India

by Gaurav Kumar

When a trademark examination report raises objections, the applicant must file a written reply within one month on the IP India portal. The reply addresses each ground, such as descriptiveness under Section 9 or similarity under Section 11, with legal arguments and evidence like prior use, distinctiveness and differences from cited marks. If unresolved, a show cause hearing follows.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Trademark, Copyright & Patent

Non-Disclosure Agreement (NDA) in India: Complete Guide

by Gaurav Kumar

A non-disclosure agreement (NDA) restricts a party from disclosing or misusing confidential information shared for a purpose such as evaluating a deal, hiring or outsourcing. Key terms include the definition of confidential information, exclusions, permitted use, duration, return of information and remedies such as injunctions. NDAs are enforceable in India if properly drafted and stamped.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

Will Registration in India: Process and Benefits

by Gaurav Kumar

Registering a will is optional under Section 18 of the Registration Act, 1908, but it creates an official record that makes the will harder to challenge. The testator appears before the Sub-Registrar with two witnesses and ID documents, and the will is registered on payment of a modest fee. No stamp duty is payable. A will can also be deposited in a sealed cover with the Registrar.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

Joint Venture Agreement in India: Structure and Clauses

by Gaurav Kumar

A joint venture can be contractual, where parties cooperate under an agreement, or equity-based, where they form a new company. The JV agreement covers contributions, shareholding, governance, reserved matters, deadlock resolution, non-compete, IP, exit and dispute resolution. Foreign partners must follow FDI rules, and large combinations may need Competition Commission approval.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

Founders' Agreement: Equity, Vesting and IP for Startups

by Gaurav Kumar

A founders' agreement sets out co-founders' roles, equity split, vesting (commonly four years with a one-year cliff), assignment of IP to the company, decision-making, commitment, confidentiality, and what happens when a founder leaves, including good leaver and bad leaver terms. It is best signed at or soon after incorporation.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

Caveat Petition Under Section 148A CPC: Complete Guide

by Gaurav Kumar

A caveat under Section 148A of the Code of Civil Procedure is filed by a person who expects that someone will approach a court for an interim order against them. Once filed, the applicant must serve notice on the caveator, and the court hears the caveator before passing orders. A caveat is valid for 90 days from filing.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

Shareholders' Agreement in India: Key Clauses Explained

by Gaurav Kumar

A shareholders' agreement (SHA) governs relationships among shareholders and the company: board composition, reserved matters needing consent, transfer restrictions like ROFR, tag-along and drag-along, anti-dilution, information rights, exit mechanisms and dispute resolution. Key provisions should also be reflected in the Articles of Association for enforceability against the company.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

How to File a Consumer Complaint in India (e-Daakhil)

by Gaurav Kumar

Consumers can file complaints for defective goods, deficient services, unfair trade practices or overcharging under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, within two years of the cause of action. Complaints go to the District Commission (up to Rs 50 lakh), State Commission (Rs 50 lakh to Rs 2 crore) or National Commission (above Rs 2 crore), and can be filed online on e-Daakhil without a lawyer.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

Probate of Will in India: Process, Court Fees and When Needed

by Gaurav Kumar

Probate is a court's certification that a will is genuine and valid, granting the executor authority to administer the estate. Historically it was mandatory for certain wills relating to property in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai under Section 213 of the Indian Succession Act, a requirement that has been the subject of recent legislative change. Elsewhere, banks and registries may still ask for it.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

Relinquishment Deed: Release of Share in Property

by Gaurav Kumar

A relinquishment deed lets a co-owner, often a legal heir, give up their share in jointly owned or inherited property in favour of the other co-owners. It must be in writing, signed, attested by two witnesses and registered with the Sub-Registrar. Stamp duty depends on the state, with concessions for family members in many states. Once registered it generally cannot be revoked.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

Commercial Lease Agreement in India: Key Terms and GST

by Gaurav Kumar

A commercial lease sets rent, deposit, lock-in period, escalation, fit-out and maintenance responsibilities for business premises. Leases over 11 months must be registered. GST at 18% applies to commercial rent, and where an unregistered landlord rents commercial property to a GST-registered tenant, the tenant pays GST under reverse charge.

Complete Guide

23-Sept-2026

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Legal Documents & Disputes

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